A Statistical Study of Kazakhstan's Gender Employment Gaps' Stability in 2014-2024

Abstract

Today in Kazakhstan, there are still imbalances between men and women in the labour market. The purpose of the study is to determine the level and sustainability of gender differences in employment in Kazakhstan based on the analysis of selected factors using the methods of correlation, regression and cluster analysis. The research uses methods of descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, linear regression and K-means clustering. The initial data for the study were obtained from official statistical sources of the Bureau of National Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan and include annual employment figures for men and women. Regression analysis (R2 < 0.05, p> 0.1) confirmed the absence of statistically significant upward or downward trends, indicating a structural and persistent gender gap. Correlation analysis revealed moderate positive associations between male employment and the share of industry and education in GDP (r = 0.38-0.43), while female employment was less correlated with the agricultural sector (r = 0.28). Data clusterisation divided the study period into two clusters of years with relatively low and high macroeconomic indicators. The results obtained confirm that gender inequality in employment in Kazakhstan has a structural and institutional nature and does not decrease automatically with economic growth. Future research areas include the development of models for assessing the impact of social norms, family policy, and digitalisation on women's employment.