Gender Segregation in Agriculture in the Context of Kazakhstan's Regions

Abstract

Gender segregation in agriculture remains a significant socio-economic problem that limits women's potential and hinders sustainable development in rural areas. Despite the critical role of women in agricultural production, their access to land, financial resources, technology, and training remains limited, leading to lower productivity and increased poverty among rural populations. This study examines gender segregation in the agricultural sector of Kazakhstan for the period 2013-2023. The use of the dissimilarity index (DDD coefficient) allows for a quantitative assessment of gender disparities in employment.  A literature review shows that gender inequality in agriculture is caused by structural barriers, including uneven land ownership, limited access to agricultural subsidies, and social norms that hinder women's participation in decision-making processes. Empirical analysis reveals that the national DDD coefficient increased from 6.0% in 2016 to 9.1% in 2023, indicating a growing gender imbalance. The highest levels of segregation were recorded in regions characterized by resource-dependent and mechanized agriculture, such as Kyzylorda, Atyrau, and Aktobe. In contrast, regions with well-developed agricultural cooperatives and small-scale farming exhibited lower DDD levels. The SWOT analysis revealed both strengths and barriers faced by women in agriculture in Kazakhstan. In conclusion, recommendations are proposed to reduce the gender gap, including developing educational programs, increasing women's access to financial resources, and strengthening support for women's entrepreneurship in rural areas.