Gender-Oriented Human Capital and the Development of Outsourcing Services in Kazakhstan
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47703/ejgs.v3i2.117Keywords:
Gender, Gender Equality, Gender Pay Gap, Human Capital, Social Mobility, Employment, DigitalizationAbstract
The article examines the relationship between gender-oriented human capital and the development of outsourcing-related services in Kazakhstan. Outsourcing is considered not only a mechanism for improving business efficiency but also a factor influencing employment structure, flexible work arrangements, and the demand for professional and digital competencies. Since official statistics do not identify outsourcing as a separate economic activity, the empirical assessment is based on professional, scientific and technical services and related business service activities. The information base was compiled by the Bureau of National Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2015-2024; comparable regional indicators for 2015-2023 were used for panel analysis, and forecasting was performed for the period 2025-2030. The methodological approach combines descriptive statistics, regional comparison, fixed-effects panel regression and the construction of an integral index of gender-oriented human capital. The model includes human capital, women’s participation, digitalisation, gross regional product per capita and infrastructure characteristics. The results showed that the proportion of women increased from 50.0% to 51.6%, while the gender pay gap narrowed from 21.1% to 17.5%. The panel model revealed positive statistically significant associations of market volume with human capital (β = 28.63; p < 0.001), women's participation (β = 15.42; p = 0.002), digitalization (β = 8.76; p = 0.003) and the interaction of human capital and gender participation (β = 22.15; p = 0.001). The results show that the development of outsourcing services is linked to the quality of human capital, digital infrastructure, and increased participation of women in skilled employment.
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